Because the density of water changes with temperature, hydrometers are meant to be used at a specific temperature (either 60 ☏/16 ☌ or 68 ☏/20 ☌). If your hydrometer is properly calibrated, it should read 1.000 when floating in pure water. For example, ale with an original specific gravity of 1.060 can be described as having 60 “gravity points.” A single-point calibration Since homebrewers almost always express specific gravity to three decimal places, many simply express their gravity in “gravity points” - the value of the last three decimals. In other words, the specific gravity of pure water is 1.000, not 1.000 followed by a weight and volume (such as kg/L or lbs./gallon). Because specific gravity is the density of a liquid relative to that of water, specific gravity has no units. Using that convention, the specific gravity of a liquid that was as dense as water would be 1.000. Homebrewers usually express specific gravity to three decimal places. Liquids that are equally as dense as water have a specific gravity of 1. (“Extract” here means dissolved solids, not malt extract - although malt extract may account for some of the total of your extract.) Homebrewers tend to express this in terms of specific gravity, which is the density of a liquid relative to pure water. When we use our hydrometers, we are measuring the density of extract in our wort or beer. Oddly enough, when you cool it below this temperature, it also expands. ![]() If you heat it above this temperature, it expands slightly. (In this column, I’ll mostly be using metric units and will only give conversions to English units if that knowledge is useful.)Īt 4 ☌, water is at its maximum density. Expressed in English units, the density of water is roughly 8 lbs. In other words, if you had exactly 1 L of water at 4 ☌ and placed it on a (properly calibrated) scale, it would weigh exactly 1 kg. ![]() Water has a density of one kilogram (kg) per liter (L) at 4 ☌. Density is the weight of an object divided by the volume it occupies.
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